De Commercialisation|書籍線上App不用買-HotApp4Game

Commercialization is the process or cycle of introducing a new product or production method into the market. Many technologies begin in the laboratory and are not practical for commercial use in their infancy. The development segment of the research and development spectrum requires time and money as systems are engineered that will make the product or method a paying commercial proposition. The launch of a new product is the final stage of new product development and the one where advertising, sales promotion, and other marketing efforts encourage commercial adoption of the product or method.

Commercialization is often confused with sales, marketing, or business development. The commercialization process has three key aspects:

The funnel. It is essential to look at many ideas to get one or two products or businesses that can be sustained long-term.

It is a stage-wise process, and each stage has its own key goals and milestones.

It is vital to involve key stakeholders early, including customers.

Proposed commercialization of a product can raise the following questions:

When to launch. Factors such as potential cannibalization of the sales of a vendor's other products, any requirement for further improvement of the proposed new product, or unfavorable market conditions may operate to delay a product launch.

Where to launch. A potential vendor can start marketing in a single location, in one or several regions, or in a national or international market. Existing resources (in terms of capital, and operational capacities) and the degree of managerial confidence may strongly influence the proposed launch-mode. Smaller vendors usually launch in attractive cities or regions, while larger companies enter a national market at once.[citation needed]

Global roll-outs generally remain the exclusive preserve of multinational conglomerates, since they have the necessary size and make use of international distribution systems (e.g., Unilever, Procter & Gamble). Other multinationals may use the "lead-country" strategy: introducing the new product in one country/region at a time (e.g. Colgate-Palmolive).[citation needed]

Whom to target. Research and test marketing may identify a primary consumer group. The ideal primary consumer group should consist of innovators, early adopters, heavy users and/or opinion leaders. This will ensure adoption by other buyers in the market during the product-growth period.

How to launch. The prospective vendor should decide on an action plan for introducing its proposed product - plan shaped by addressing the questions above. The vendor has to develop a viable marketing-mix[citation needed] and to structure a corresponding marketing-budget.